Measuring lengths

• using a caliper gauge with vernier
• using a micrometer screw
• using a spherometer to determine bending radii
• Measuring volume and density
• Determining the volume and density of solids
• Determining the density of liquids using the pyknometer after Gay
• Determining the density of air
• Determining the gravitational constant
• Determining the gravitational constant with the gravitation torsion balance after Cavendish - Measuring the excursion with a light pointer
• Determining the gravitational constant with the gravitation torsion balance Cavendish - Recording the excursion and evaluating the measurement with the IR position detector and PC
• Determining the gravitational constant with gravitation torsion balance after Cavendish - Recording the excursion with the IR position detector and recorder

Forces

Static effects of forces

• Expansion of a helical spring
• Bending of a leaf spring

Force as vector

• Composition and resolution of forces
• Composition and resolution of forces

Lever

• One-sides and two-sided lever
• Wheel and axle as a lever with unequal sides

Block and tackle

• Fixed pulley, loose pulley and block and tackle as simple machines
• Fixed pulley, loose pulley and block and tackle as simple machines on the adhesive magnetic board
• Fixed pulley, loose pulley and block and tackle as simple machines on the adhesive magnetic board

Inclined plane

• Inclined plane: force along the plane and force normal to the plane
• Determining the coefficient of static friction using the inclined plane

Friction

• Static friction, sliding friction and rolling friction

Translational motions of a mass point

One-dimensional motions on the track for students' experiments

• Recording path-time diagrams of linear motion-recording with the time recorder
• Recording path-time diagrams of linear motion-recording with a light barrier
• Recording path-time diagrams of linear motion-recording with a motion transducer
• One-dimensional motions on Fletcher's trolley
• Path-time diagramm of straight motion - Recording the time with an electronic stopclock
• Path-time diagramm of straight motion - Recording the time with an electronic stopclock
• Path-time diagramm of straight motion - Recording and evaluating with CASSY
• Definition of the newton as a unit of force - Recording and evaluating with CASSY
• Definition of the newton as unit of force - Recording and evaluating with CASSY
• Path-time diagramm of straight motion - Recording and evaluating with VideoCom

One-dimensional motions on the linear air track

• Path-time diagramm of straight motion - Recording the time with forked light barrier
• Path-time diagramm of straight motion - Recording and evaluating with CASSY
• Uniformly accelerated motion with reversal of direction - Recording and evaluating CASSY
• Kinetic energy of uniformly accelerated mass - Recording and evaluating with CASSY
• Confirming Newton's first and second laws for linear motions - Recording and evaluating with VideoCom
• Uniformly accelerated motion with reversal of direction - Recording and evaluating with VideoCom
• Kinetic energy of a uniformly accelerated mass - Recording and evaluating with VideoCom

Conservation of linear momentum

• Energy and momenturm in elastic collision - Measuring with two forked light barriers
• Energy and momenturm in inelastic collision - Measuring with two forked light barriers
• Energy and momenturm in inelastic collision - Measuring with two forked light barriers
• Rocket principle: conservation of momentum and reaction
• Newton's third law and laws of collision - Recording and evaluating with VideoCom
• Newton's third law and laws of collision - Recording and evaluating with VideoCom

Free fall

• Free fall: time measurement with the contact plate and the counter S
• free fall: time measurement with the forked light barrier and the digital counter
• Free fall: multiple measurements with the g-ladder
• Free fall: Recording and evaluating with VideoCom

Angled projection

• Point-by-point recording of the projection parabola as a function of the speed and angle of projection
• Principle of superposing: comparison of incllined projection and free fall

Two-dimensional motions on the air table

• Uniform linear motion and uniform circular motion
• Uniformly accelerated motion
• Two-dimensional motion on an inclined plane
• Two-dimensional motion in responce to a central force
• Superposing translational and rotational motion on a rigid body
• Two-dimensional motion of two elastically coupled bodies
• Experimentally verifying the equality of aforce and its opposing force
• Elastic collision in two dimensions
• Inelastic collision in two dimensions

Rotational motions of a rigid body

Rotational motions

• Path-time diagrams of rotational motions - Time measurement with the counter
• Path-time diagrams of rotational motions - Recording and evaluating with CASSY

Conservation of angular momentum

• Conservation of angular momentum in elastic rotational collision
• Conservation of angular momentum in inelastic rotational collision

Centrifugal force

• Centrifugal force of an orbiting body - Measuring with the centrifugal force apparatus
• Centrifugal force of an orbiting body - Measuring with the central force apparatus
• Centrifugal force of an orbiting body - Measuring with the central force apparatus and CASSY

Motions of a gyroscope

• Precession of a gyoscope
• Nutation of a gyoscope

Moment of inertia

• Definition of moment of inertia
• Moment of intertia and body shape
• Confirming Steiner's theorem

Oscillations

Simple and compound pendulum

• Determining the gravitation with a simple pendulum
• Determining the gravitational acceleration with a reversible pendulum

Harmonic oscillations

• Oscillations of a spring pendulum - Recording the path, velocity and acceleration with CASSY
• Determining the oscillation period of a spring pendulum as a function of the oscillating mass

Torsion pendulum

• Free rotational oscillations - Measuring with a hand-held stopclock
• Forced rotational oscillations - Measuring with a hand-held stopclock
• Free rotational oscillations - Recording with CASSY
• Forced harmonic and chaotic rotational oscillations - Recording with CASSY

Coupling if oscillations

• Coupled pendulum - Measuring with a hand-held stopclock
• Coupled pendulum - Recording and evaluating with VideoCom
• Coupling of longitudinal and rotational oscillations with the helical spring after Wilberforce
• Coupled pendulum - Recording and evaluating with CASSY

Wave mechanics

Transversal and longitudinal waves

• Standing transversal waves on a thread
• Standing longitudinal waves on a helical spring

Wave machine

• Wavelength, frequency and phase velocity of traveling waves

Circularly polarized waves

• Investigating circularly polarized waves in the experiment setup after Melde
• Determining the phase velocity of circularly polarized thread waves in the experiment setup after Melde

Propagation of water waves

• Exciting circular and straight water waves
• Huygens' principle in water waves
• Propagation of water waves in two different depths
• Refraction of water waves
• Doppler effect in water waves
• Reflection of water waves at a straight obstacle
• Reflection of water waves at curved obstacles

Interference of water waves

• Two-beam interference of water waves
• Lloyd's experiment on water waves
• Diffraction of water waves at slit and at an obstacle
• Diffraction of water waves at a multiple slit

Acoustics

Sound waves

• Mechanical oscillations and sound waves using the recording tuning fork
• Acoustic beats - Displaying on the oscilloscope
• Acoustic beats - Recording with CASSY

Oscillations of a string

• Determining the oscillation frequency of a string as a function of the string length and tension

Wavelength and velocity of sound

• Kundt's tube: determining the wavelength of sound with the cork-powder method
• Determining the wavelength of standing sound waves
• Determining the velocity of sound in air as a function of the temperature
• Determining the velocity of sound in gases
• Determining the velocity of sound in solids

Reflection of ultrasonic waves

• Reflection of planar ultrasonic waves at a plane surface
• Principle of an echo sounder

Interference of ultrasonic waves

• Beating of ultrasonic waves
• Interference of two ultrasonic beams
• Diffraction of ultrasonic waves at a single slit
• Diffraction of ultrasonic waves at a double slit, a multiple slit and a grating

Acoustic Doppler effect

• Investigating the Doppler effect with ultrasonic waves

Fourier analysis

• Investigating fast Fourier transforms: simulation of Fourier analysis and Fourier synthesis
• Fourier analysis of the periodic signals of a function generator
• Fourier analysis of an electric oscillator circuit
• Fourier analysis of sounds

Aerodynamics and hydrodynaics

Barometric measurements

• Definition of pressure
• Hydrostatic pressure as a non-directional quantity

Buoyancy

• Confirming Archimedes' principle
• Measuring the buoyancy as a function of the immersion depth

Viscosity

• Assembling a falling-ball viscosimeter to determine the viscosity of viscous fluids
• Falling-ball viscosimeter: measuring the viscosity of sugar solutions as a function of the concentration
• Falling-ball viscosimeter: measuring the viscosity of Newtonian liquids as a function of the temperature

Surface tension

• Measuring the surface tension using the "break-away" method
• Measuring the surface tension using the "break-away" method - Recording and evaluating with CASSY

Introductory experiments on aerodynamics

• Static pressure in a reduced cross-section - Measuring the pressure with the precision manometer
• Determining the volume flow with a Venturi tube - Measuring the pressure with the precision manometer
• Determining the wind speed with a pressure head - Measuring the pressure with the precision manometer
• Static pressure in a reduced cross-section - Measuring the pressure with a pressure sensor and Mobile-CASSY
• Determining the volume flow with a Venturi tube - Measuring the pressure with a pressure sensor and Mobile-CASSY
• Determining the wind speed with a pressure head - Measuring the pressure with a pressure sensor and Mobile-CASSY

Measuring air resistance

• Measuring the air resistance as a function of the wind speed - Measuring the pressure with the precision manometer
• Drag coefficient cW: relationship between air resistance and body shape - Measuring the pressure with the precision manometer
• Pressure curve on an airfoil profile - Measuring the pressure with the precision manometer
• Measuring the air resistance as a function of the wind speed - Measuring the pressure with a pressure sensor and Mobile-CASSY
• Drag coefficient cW: relationship between air resistance and body shape - Measuring the pressure with a pressure sensor and Mobile-CASSY
• Pressure curve on an airfoil profile - Measuring the pressure with a pressure sensor and Mobile-CASSY

Measurements in a wind tunnel

• Recording the airfoil profile polars in a wind tunnel
• Measuring students' ownn airfoils and panels in the wind tunnel
• Verifying the Bernoulli equation - Measuring with the precision manometer
• Verifying the Bernoulli equation - Measuring with a pressure sensor and Mobile-CASSY

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Heat

Thermal expansions of solids

• Thermal expansions of solids - Measuring using STM equipment
• Thermal expansion of solids - Measuring using the expansion apparatus
• Measuring the linear expansion of solids as a function of temperature

Thermal expansions of liquids

• Determining the volumetric expansion coefficient of liquids

Anomaly of water

• Investigating the density maximum of water

Thermal conduction

Thermal couductivity

• Determining the thermal conductivity of building materials using the single-plate method
• Determining the thermal conductivity of building materials with the aid of a reference material of known thermal conductivity
• Damping temperature fluctuations using multiple-layered walls

Solar collector

• Determining the efficiency of a solar collector as a function of the throughput volume of water
• Determining the efficiency of a solar collector as a function of the heat insulation

Heat as a form of energy

Mixing temperatures

• Mixing temperature of water

Heat capacities

• Determining the specific heat of solids

Converting mechanical energy into heat

• Converting mechanical energy into heat energy - Recording and evaluating measured values manually
• Converting mechanical energy into heat energy - Recording and evaluating with CASSY

Converting electrical energy into heat

• Converting electrical energy into heat energy - Measuring with a voltmeter and an ammeter
• Converting electrical energy into heat energy - Measuring with the joule and wattmeter
• Converting electrical energy into heat energy - Measuring with CASSY

Phase transistions

Latent heat and vaporization heat

• Determining the specific vaporization heat of water
• Determining the specific latent heat of ice

Measuring vapor pressure

• Recording the vapor-pressure curve of water - Pressure up to 1 bar
• Recording the vapor-pressure curve of water - Pressure up to 50 bar

Critical temperature

• Observing the phase transition between the liquid and the gas phase at the critical point

Kinetic theory of gases

Brownian motion of molecules

• Brownian movement of smoke particles

Gas laws

• Pressure-dependency of the volume of a gas at a constant temperature (Boyle-Mariotte's law)
• Temperature-dependency of the volume of a gas at a constant pressure (Gay-Lussac's law)
• Temperature-dependency of the pressure of a gas at a constant volume (Amontons' law)

Specific heat of gases

• Determining the adiabatic exponent Cp/CV of air after Ruchard
• Determining the adiabatic exponent Cp/CV of various gases using the gas elastic resonance apparatus

Thermodynamic cycle

Hot-air engine: qualitative experiments

• Operating a hot-air engine as a thermal engine
• Operating the hot-air engine as a heat pump and a refrigerator

Hot-air engine: quantitative experiments

• Frictional losses in the hot-air engine (calorific determination)
• Determining the efficiency of the hot-air engine as a heat engine
• Determining the efficiency of the hot-air engine as a refrigerator
• pV diagram of the hot-air engine as a heat engine - Recording and evaluating with CASSY

Heat pump

• Determining the efficiency of the heat pump as a function of the temperature differential
• Investigating the function of the expansion valve of the heat pump
• Analyzing the cyclical process of the heat pump with the Mollier diagram

Electricity

Basic experiments on electrostatics

• Basic electrostatics experiments with the field electrometer
• Basic electrostatics experiments with the electrometer amplifier

Coulomb's law

• Confirming Coulomb's law - Measuring with the torsion balance, Schurholz design
• Confirming Coulomb's law - Measuring with the force sensor
• Confirming Coulomb's law - Recording and evaluating with CASSY

Field lines and equipotential lines

• Displaying lines of electric flux
• Displaying the equipotential lines of electric fields

Effects of force in an electric field

• Measuring the force of an electric charge in a homogeneous electric field
• Kirchhoff's voltage balance: Measuring the force between two charged plates of a plate capacitor
• Measuring the force between a charged sphere and a metal plate

Charge distributions on electrical conductors

• Investigating the charge distribution on the surface of electrical conductors
• Electrostatic induction with the hemispheres after Cavendish

Definition of capacitance

• Determining the capacitance of a sphere in free space
• Determining the capacitance of a sphere in front of a metal plate

Plate capacitor

• Determining the capacitance of a plate capacitor - Measuring the charge with the electrometer amplifier
• Parallel and series connection of capacitors - Measuring the charge with the electrometer amplifier
• Determining the capacitance of a plate capacitor - Measuring the charge with the I-measuring amplifier D

Principles of electricity

Charge transfer with drops of water

• Generating an electric current through the motion of charged drops of water

ohm's law

• Verifying Ohm's law and measuring specific resistances

Kirchhoff's laws

• Measuring current and voltage at resistors connected in parallel and in series
• Voltage division with a potentiometer
• Principle of a Wheatstone bridge
• Determining resistances using a Wheatstone bridge

Circuits with electrical measuring instruments

• The ammeter as an ohmic resistor in a circuit
• The voltmeter as an ohmic resistor in a circuit

Conducting electricity by means of electrolysis

• Determining the Faraday constant

Experiments on electrochemistry

• Generating electric current with a Daniell cell
• Measuring the voltage at simple galavanic elements
• Determining the standard potentials of corresponding redox pairs

Magnetostatics

Basic experiments on magnetostatics

• Displaying lines of magnetic flux
• Basic of electromagnetism

Magnetic dipole moment

• Measuring the magnetic dipole moments of long magnetic needles

Effects of force in a magnetic field

• Measuring the force acting on current-carrying conductors in the field of a horseshoe magnet
• Measuring the force acting on current-carrying conductors in a homogeneous magnetic field - Recording with CASSY
• Measuring the force acting on current-carrying conductors in the magnetic field of an air coil -Recording with CASSY
• Basic measurements for the electrodynamic definition of the ampere

Biot-Savart's law

• Measuring the magnetic field for a straight conductor and on circular conductor loops
• Measuring the magnetic field of an air coil
• Measuring the magnetic field of a pair of coils in the Helmgoltz configuration

Electromagnetic induction

Voltage impulse

• Generating a voltage surge in a conductor loop with a moving permanent magnet

Induction in a moving conductor loop

• Measuring the induction voltage in a conductor loop moved through a magnetic field

Induction by means of a variable magnetic field

• Measuring the induction voltage in a conductor loop for a variable magnetic field - with triangular wave-form power supply
• Measuring the induction voltage in a conductor loop for a variable magnetic field - with Power-CASSY as variable source of current

Eddy currents

• Waltenhofen's pendulum: demonstration of an eddy-current brake
• Demonstrating the operating principle of an AC power meter

Transformer

• Voltage and current transformation with a transformer
• Voltage transformation with a transformer under load
• Recording the voltage and current of a transformer under load as a function of time
• Power transmission of a transformer
• Experiments with high currents
• High-voltage experiments with a two-pronged lighting rod

Measuring the earth's magnetic field

• Measuring the earth's magnetic field with a rotating induction coil (earth inductor)

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Electrical machines

Basic experiments on electrical machines

• Investigating the interactions of forces of rotors and stators
• Simple induction experiments with electromagnetic rotors and stators

Electric generators

• Generating AC voltage using a revolving-field generator and a stationary-field generator
• Generating DC voltage using a stationary-field generator
• Generating AC voltage using a generator with electromagnetic rotating pole (power-plant generator)
• Generating voltage with an AC-DC generator (generator with electromagnetic stationary pole)
• Generating voltage using self-exciting generators

Electric motors

• Experiments on DC motor with two-pole rotor
• Experiments on DC motor with three-pole rotor
• Experiments with a universal motor in series and shunt connection
• Assembling an AC synchronous motor

Three-phase machines

• Experiments with a three-phase revolving-armature generator
• Experiments with a three-phase revolving-field generator
• Comparing star and delta connections on a three-phase generator
• Assembling synchronous and asynchronous three-phase motors

DC and AC circuits

Circuit with capacitor

• Charging and discharging a capacitor when switching DC on and off
• Determining the capacitive reactance of a capacitor in an AC circuit

Circuit with coil

• Measuring the current in a coil when switching DC on and off
• Determining the inductive reactance of a coil in an AC circuit

Impedances

• Determining the impedance in circuits with capacitors and ohmic resistors
• Determining the impedance in circuits with coils and ohmic resistors
• Determining the impedance in circuits with capacitors and coils

Measuring-bridge circuits

• Determining capacitive reactance with a Wien measuring bridge
• Determining inductive reactance with a Maxwell measuring bridge

Measuring AC voltages and AC currents

• Frequency response and form factor of a multimeter

Electrical work and power

• Determining the heating power if an ohmic load in an AC circuit as a function of the applied voltage
• Determining the electric work of an immersion heater using an AC power meter
• Quantitative comparison of DC power and AV power in an incandescent lamp
• Determining the crest  factors of various AC signal forms
• Determining the active and reactive power in AC circuits

Electromechanical devices

• Demonstrating the function of a bell
• Demonstrating the function of a relay

Electromagnetic oscillations and waves

Electromagnetic oscillator circuit

• Free electromagnetic oscillations
• De-damping of electromagnetic oscillations through inductive three-point coupling after Hartley

Decimeter-range waves

• Radiation characteristic and polarization of decimeter waves
• Amplitude modulation of decimeter waves
• Estimating the dielectric constant of water in the decimeter-wave range

Propagation of decimeter-range waves along lines

• Determining the current and voltage maxima on a Lecher line
• Investigating the current and voltage on  a Lecher line with a loop dipole

Microwaves

• Directional characteristic and polarization of microwaves in front of a horn antenna
• Absorption of microwaves
• Interference of microwaves
• Diffraction of microwaves
• Refraction of microwaves
• Total reflection of microwaves

Propagation of microwaves along lines

• Guiding of microwaves along a Lecher line
• Qualitative demonstration of guising of microwaves along a metal waveguide
• Determining the standing-wave ratio of a rectangular wave-guide for a variablel reflectionn factor

Directional characteristic of dipole radiation

• Directional characteristic of a helix antenna - Recording measured values manually
• Directional characteristic of a Yagi antenna - Recording measured values  manually
• Directional characteristic of a helix antenna - Recording with a computer
• Directional characteristic of a Yagi antenna - Recording with a computer

Moving charge carries in a vacuum

Tube diode

• Recording the characteristic of a tube diode
• Half-wave rectification using a tube diode

Tube triode

• Recording the characteristic field of a tube triode
• Amplifying voltages with a tube triode

Maltese-cross tube

• Demonstrating the linear  propagation of electrons in a field-free space
• Deflection of electrons in an axial magnetic field

Perrin tube

• Hot-cathode emission in a vacuum: determining the polarity and estimating the specific charge of the  emitted charge carriers
• Generating Lissajou figures through electron deflection in crossed alternating magnetic fields

Thomson tube

• Investigating the deflection of electrons in electrical and magnetic fields
• Assembling a velocity filter (Wien filter) to determine the specific

Electrical conduction in gases

Spontaneous and non-spontaneous discharge

• Non-spontaneous gas discharge: comparison between the charge transport in a gas triode and a high-vacuum triode
• Ignition and extinction of spontaneous gas discharge

Gas discharge at reduced pressure

• Investigating spontaneous gas discharge in air as a function of pressure

Cathode rays and canal reys

• Magnetic deflection of cathode and canal rays

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Electronic

Current and voltage sources

• Determining the internal resistance of a battery
• Operating a DC power supply as constant-current and constant-voltage source
• Recording the current-voltage characteristics  of a solar battery as a function of the irradiance

Special resisistors

• Recording the current-voltage characteristic of an incandescent lamp
• Recording the current-voltage characteristic of a  varistor
• Measuring the temperature-dependancy of PTC and NTC resistors
• Measuring the light-dependancy of photoresistors

Diodes

• Recording the current-voltage characteristic of diodes
• Recording the current -voltage characteristics of Zener diodes (Z-diodes)
• Recording the current-voltage characteristics  of light-emitting diodes (LED)

Diode circuits

• Rectifying AC voltage using diodes
• Voltage-limiting with a Z-diodes
• Testing polarity with light-emitting diodes

Transistors

• Investigating the diode properties of transistor junctions
• Recording the characteristics of a transistors
• Recording the characteristics of a field-effect transistor

Transistor circuits

• The transistor as an amplifier
• The transistor as a switch
• The transistor as a sine-wave generator (oscillator)
• The transistor as a function generator
• The field-effect transistor as an amplifier
• The field-effect transistor as a switch

Optoelectronics

• Recording the characteristics of a phototransistor connected as photodiode
• Assembling a purely optical transmission line

Operational amplifier

Internal design of an operational amplifier

• Discrete assembly of an operational amplifier as a transistor circuit

Operational amplifier circuits

• Unconnected operational amplifier (comparator)
• Inverting operational