Temperature-dependent resistor NTC

Light-dependent resistor LDR (photoresistor)

Light controlled relay

Characteristic of a diode

Half-wave rectification

Full-wave rectification

Measuring peak voltages, voltage doubling

Light emitting diodes

Polarity tester with diodes

Series connection of diodes

Characteristic of a Z-diode

Overload protection using a Z diode

Diode paths with transistors, testing circuit with light emitting diodes

Transfer characteristic of a transistor

Transistor circuit I: voltage control

Base voltage division

Transistor circuit II: current control

Light controlled transistor I: light barrier

Light controlled transistor II: twilight switch

Delay switch

Testing for hum

Zero-point suppression with a Z-diode

Using diodes to protect against overvoltage and reverse polarity

Suppressing induction voltages with a diode (free-wheeling diode)

Smoothing pulsating DC voltages with capacitors

Constant current source - charging capacitors with a constant current

Series voltage regulation

Voltage stabilizer circuit

Basic experiments with flip-flops

Bistable flip-flop as a memory element

Monostable flip-flop as a time-delay swich

Astable flip-flop (astable multivibrator)

Generating sounds with an astable multivibrator (police siren, birdsong)

Miniature organ I - musical scale on a pencil line Extra experiment: miniature organ II - making and tuning a small electronic keyboard

Amplifying a voltage pulse

Setting and stabilizing the working-point of a single-stage microphone amplifier

Two-stage microphone amplifier

Medium-wave receiver, single-stage and two-stage

Basic experiment: amplifier for voltage differential (difference amplifier)

Sensitive light meter with a difference amplifier

Determining the DC voltage gain (push-pull gain) of a difference ampifier

Touch-contact switch, moisture and filling-level indicator

Current gain factors

Electronic motor

Acoustic feedback

Meissner circuit

Three-point oscillator

Phase shift oscillator

Wien oscillator

Demonstration light conduction in light waveguides

Attenuation in the light waveguide

The light emitting diode in the circuit: reverse bias and forward bias behavior

Characteristics of light emitting diodes

Basic circuit with a photodiode

Forward and reverse direction of a solar cell

Internal resistance of a solar cell

Output and power characteristics of a solar cell

No-load voltage of a solar cell

Short-circuit current of a solar cell

Connecting solar cells in series

Connecting solar cells in parallel

Conversion light energy into motion

Photo transistor with base connection, basic experiments

Photo transistor equivalent circuit

Current gain of the photo transistor

Forked light barrier with following transistor

Transmitting sound with the light waveguide

Transmitting music and speech with the light waveguide